Dancers of all ages make their way around the procession during the grand entry at Cuyamaca College’s third annual powwow in 2017. (San Diego Union-Tribune file photo)

Gov. Gavin Newsom’s executive order apologizing to California’s Native American population for nearly two centuries of “violence, exploitation, dispossession and the attempted destruction of tribal communities” is a welcome first step toward healing the wounds inflicted by that history. But it is only a first step.

California is hardly alone in mistreating its indigenous people, but this state took that pattern to extremes seen in few other places. Moreover, the vestiges of that shameful history continue to this day.

Looking back, it seems incomprehensible that the earliest official acts of the newly established state of California included a call for extermination of the indigenous population, the funding of militias to carry out that edict, and a law allowing Indian children to be separated from their families and their parents to be sold into indentured servitude — virtual slavery. Such actions decimated the Native American population, reducing them by 80% in just over 30 years. It is no exaggeration to call this attempted genocide. And this came after tens of thousands already had perished as the result of being removed from their ancestral lands, exposed to European diseases and forced into servitude by the Spanish mission system.

Today, Native American communities have rebounded, representing nearly 2% of the state population, with more than 700,000 members in 110 federally recognized tribes. Many tribes have prospered in recent years, since the introduction of on-reservation gaming and other forms of economic development. For those tribes, new revenues have translated into improved facilities and services, including education and health care.

But the majority of reservations are in remote locations where gaming development is not realistic and other economic activity yields marginal results. They continue to suffer from poverty, unemployment, inadequate services, substandard housing, substance abuse and overall lower quality of life — all legacies of having had their populations wracked by violence and disease, and having been excluded from the social and economic mainstream long afterward.

Most of this comes as a surprise to the non-Indian population. Schools skimp on teaching this history, even today describing the mission era in glowing terms and scarcely mentioning the horrific treatment of Indians at the hands of the state of California.

The disrespect and indignities suffered by the Native American community don’t stop there. Outsiders commonly trespass on reservation land, off-roading, illegally hunting and operating criminal enterprises. Public officials routinely challenge the powers of tribal authorities, denying their status as sovereign nations and seeking to subject them to regulations from which they are exempt under federal law. Local governments and private landowners who literally stole Indian water resources wage lengthy legal battles to avoid restoring those rights. Law enforcement agencies dispute the authority of tribal police forces.

Native American children attending public schools all too often are denied the opportunity to express their ethnic and cultural identities, in a throwback to the decades when children were removed from Native American families, sent to boarding schools and forbidden to even speak their tribal languages. And, particularly in rural areas, individual Indians continue to suffer from discrimination in housing, employment and services when living or working off the reservation.